Razi University Agrotechniques in Industrial Crops 2783-2945 6 2 2026 06 01 The Effect of Low Temperature on Oilseed Rape in Vegetative and Reproductive Growth Stages 122 134 4037 10.22126/atic.2026.11750.1194 EN Abbas Rezaizad Crop and Horticultural Sciences Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Kermanshah, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Kermanshah, Iran 0000-0001-9102-9391 Armin Saed-Moucheshi Crop and Horticultural Sciences Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Kermanshah, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Kermanshah, Iran 0000-0001-9102-9391 Alireza Zebarjadi Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran 0000-0002-7091-3847 Journal Article 2025 02 06 Low-temperature stress is a significant abiotic factor that adversely affects the growth and development of oilseed rape at various stages. This stress occurs in two forms: chilling and freezing. The key difference between them lies in temperature: chilling stress occurs at cold temperatures above the freezing point, while freezing stress involves exposure to sub-zero temperatures. The severity of cold damage in oilseed rape depends on several factors, including soil moisture conditions, the rate of ice melting, the plant’s developmental stage, the plant’s level of pre-adaptation, and the duration of the stress. Consequently, the type and intensity of cold injury can vary significantly across different growth stages, such as germination, vegetative growth, reproductive development, and seed filling. Moreover, temperature fluctuations within a single growing season can be so extreme that chilling injury in crops like oilseed rape becomes inevitable. Nevertheless, proper agronomic practices—such as ensuring adequate nutrition, selecting an optimal sowing date, utilizing cold-tolerant genotypes, and maintaining appropriate plant density—can effectively reduce or prevent chilling damage and its negative impacts.

https://atic.razi.ac.ir/article_4037_b2e718f11d390eca87c2572cfe5e4c78.pdf

Razi University Agrotechniques in Industrial Crops 2783-2945 6 2 2026 06 01 Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anticancer Activities of Ethanolic Chayote (Sechium edule) Fruit Extract: Phytochemical Insights and Therapeutic Implications 135 142 4085 10.22126/atic.2026.12170.1221 EN Somayeh Rahaiee Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran 0000-0001-7428-8930 Saeed Ghanbari Hassan Kiadeh Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran 0000-0001-8914-6249 Mostafa Govahi Department of Nano Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran 0000-0002-7388-0024 Mostafa Ghasemi Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran 0009-0002-0140-2987 Journal Article 2025 06 11 Chayote (Sechium edule) is a valuable species of the Cucurbitaceae family, widely consumed in many countries due to its diverse nutritional and bio-functional properties. This study was designed to evaluate the phenolic compounds (using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods), antioxidant (via DPPH assay), anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activity (by MTT assay) of chayote fruit ethanolic extract (CFE). The results showed that the CFE contains high phenolic and flavonoid compounds with concentration-dependent and appropriate antioxidant activity. Approximately 62 ± 0.53 % of DPPH free radicals were inhibited at the 200 μg mL-1 concentration (IC50 = 35.40 μg mL-1). Also, the results of the anti-inflammatory activity indicated that CFE significantly prevents protein denaturation. The highest inhibitory effect at 800 μg mL-1 was 63.37 ± 2.14 %. Further, the CFE anticancer activity results on breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7) indicated its significant toxicity (IC50 = 42.04 μg mL-1) after 24 h. However, no significant toxicity was observed in normal mouse fibroblast cells (L929). Generally, this study demonstrates that CFE is rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects, making it a promising candidate for use in functional foods and pharmaceutical applications.

https://atic.razi.ac.ir/article_4085_f2a900bef0099e78d6d344ebfe7b56a4.pdf

Razi University Agrotechniques in Industrial Crops 2783-2945 6 2 2026 06 04 Mitigating Salinity Stress and Enhancing Essential Oil Yield in Satureja mutica Using Nano-Selenium: Impacts on Growth, Photosynthesis, and Phytochemical Compositions 143 153 4180 10.22126/atic.2026.12126.1219 EN Hoshang Rahmati Department of Agriculture, Technical and Engineering Faculty, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-0718-4557 Borzou Yousefi Department of Medicinal Plants, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agriculture Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Iran 0000-0003-4699-8876 Jalal Ghaderi Soil and Water Research Department, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agriculture Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Iran 0000-0003-4777-3986 Setareh Ramadan Ghambari Crop and Horticulture Research Department, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agriculture Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Iran 0000-0003-4699-8876 Journal Article 2025 05 26 This study investigates the potential of nano-selenium (SeNP) to alleviate salinity stress and enhance growth, photosynthetic performance, and essential oil (EO) production in Satureja mutica. A factorial greenhouse experiment was conducted at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Kermanshah, Iran, in 2019. Treatments included four NaCl concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM) and two levels of SeNP application (0 and 50 mg L-1). The results revealed that 50 mg L-1 SeNp significantly enhanced plant fresh weight (51.8%), total chlorophyll content (10.53%), carotenoid content (6.88%), Fv/Fm (5.48%), and chlorophyll index (8.93%), in response to NaCl. Additionally, SeNp application increased essential oil (EO) percentage (40.63%), EO yield per plant (55.55%), carvacrol content (21.43%), and ρ-cymene content (40.99%) under saline conditions. These findings suggest that applying 50 mg L-1 SeNp mitigates the hostile interventions of NaCl on the photosynthetic system, physiological status and growth of S. mutica. It is recommended to use 50 mg L-1 SeNp to alleviate salinity-induced stress and improve EO yield and carvacrol content, especially in low to moderately saline soils. This study highlights the potential of SeNp as an effective strategy to enhance the productivity and quality of S. mutica in saline environments.

https://atic.razi.ac.ir/article_4180_27140038079c9ec5af1fc5f5ccfdfb5f.pdf

Razi University Agrotechniques in Industrial Crops 2783-2945 6 2 2026 07 04 Assessment of Biochemical Diversity in Herbal Extracts and Their Effects on the Germination, Growth, and Metabolism of Colchicum kotschyi Boiss. from various regions in Iran 154 168 4199 10.22126/atic.2026.12303.1224 EN Fatemeh Khanmohamadian Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran 0000-0002-8055-8762 Zahra Taherinia Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran 0000-0002-3337-4629 Masoud Besati Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-2431-3901 Arash Fazeli Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran 0000-0002-3504-8181 Journal Article 2025 06 10 This study explored the effects of herbal extracts, derived from naturally occurring field herbs, on the germination, growth, and specific metabolic changes of the significant crop plant Colchicum kotschyi Boiss. The research was conducted in two main sections. First, morphological diversity across various populations of Colchicum was evaluated based on stem length, stamen count, petal number, petal length and breadth. Biochemical profiling using LC-MS identified the presence of non-enzymatic antioxidants in the plant extract, including ascorbic acid, caffeic acid, gallic acid, and rosmarinic acid, from seven distinct geographic locations. In the second part, a factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design and three replications was implemented to test the effects of Colchicum extract at concentrations of 0%, 50%, and 100% on the germination of wheat, barley, camelina, and weed vetch. Multiple germination and seedling growth parameters were measured, including germination percentage, sprout count, stem and root length, leaf and root number, biomass, and seedling indices. Results showed that 100% extract concentration completely inhibited germination in all plant species across both regions, while control treatments showed maximum germination rates (up to 100%). The highest root length index (24.48) was observed in control wheat and barley seeds, with a dramatic reduction in treated seeds. Principal component analysis revealed that two independent components explained 89.78% of variation. Cluster analysis grouped traits into three and genotypes into two major clusters. Regional differences had minimal influence on germination traits. The findings from both analyses unequivocally confirm the absence of kaempferol in Colchicum petals. Meanwhile, due to the observed effects of ascorbic acid, caffeic acid, gallic acid, and rosmarinic acid on growth and germination, aqueous extracts from the Ilam and Mishkhas regions were chosen for further study. In conclusion, 100% Colchicum extract strongly suppresses seed germination, suggesting its potential use as a natural bioherbicide for weed control.

https://atic.razi.ac.ir/article_4199_f815668b3208fccd51d86f691d72be6d.pdf

Razi University Agrotechniques in Industrial Crops 2783-2945 6 2 2026 07 04 De Novo Transcriptome Assembly of Calotropis procera for Insights into the Natural Rubber Biosynthesis Pathway 169 179 4198 10.22126/atic.2026.12119.1226 EN Fatemeh Ali-Askari Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0009-0004-5358-4393 Manijeh Sabokdast Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-0403-2208 Mohammad Reza Naghavi Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-9751-343X Journal Article 2025 06 25 Calotropis procera has been widely researched as a medicinal plant mainly due to its medicinal properties, including the presence of cardiac glycosides; However, less attention has been paid to its study as a source for natural rubber production. The biosynthesis of natural rubber occurs through the mevalonate (MVA) pathway in the cytoplasm and the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway in the plastids, with acetyl-CoA being converted to isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), the building block of natural rubber. Given the lack of detailed information on the natural rubber biosynthesis pathway in this plant and the absence of an annotated genome sequence, research based on de novo transcriptome assembly is particularly crucial. In this study, the Trinity and rnaSPAdes tools were employed to assemble the de novo transcriptome of C. procera from the data set available in the SRA database. Following a comprehensive evaluation of the assembly’s quality, the transcriptome was annotated using the Hayai-Annotation Plants tool. Subsequently, pathways associated with natural rubber biosynthesis were reconstructed and mapped using the GhostKOALA and KEGG Mapper tools, with pathway visualizations created through the Color tool. According to the results, unigenes received putative annotations in three domains: biological processes, cellular components and molecular functions. Additionally, during the KEGG pathway reconstruction, 19 ortholog genes involved in the terpenoid backbone biosynthetic pathway were identified, including 7 ortholog genes related to the MVA pathway, 8 orthologs related to the MEP pathway, and 4 ortholog genes associated with the biosynthesis of C10-C20 isoprenoids. This study enhances our understanding of the natural rubber biosynthesis pathways in C. procera, providing a foundation for future research aimed at exploring its biotechnological applications.

https://atic.razi.ac.ir/article_4198_49570780765be5a30ddad96e5cc6e193.pdf

Razi University Agrotechniques in Industrial Crops 2783-2945 6 2 2026 07 04 Unsaturated Fatty Acids Content, Their Relationship with Morphological Characteristics and Genetic Diversity of Camelina sativa Doubled haploid Lines 180 194 4284 10.22126/atic.2026.12061.1214 EN Fariborz Noormohammadi Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, Agricultural Faculty, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran 0009-0006-4056-091X Ali Arminian Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, Agricultural Faculty, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran 0000-0003-4749-6085 Danial Kahrizi Agricultural Biotechnology Department, Agricultural Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-1717-6075 Journal Article 2025 04 27 Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) is an oilseed crop valued for its nutritional profile and biofuel potential. This study assessed the genetic diversity of 35 doubled haploid (DH) camelina lines based on unsaturated fatty acid composition and key agronomic traits. Substantial genotypic variation was observed for oil content and fatty acids such as stearic, oleic, linoleic, γ‑linolenic, arachidic, eicosenoic, and erucic acids. Among the lines, one exhibited up to 41.90% seed oil content, while others showed high proportions of essential omega‑3 and omega‑6 fatty acids, including linolenic acid (>37%) and linoleic acid (>18%), along with reduced erucic acid (<2.4%). Most biochemical traits displayed moderate to high heritability and genetic advance, with linoleic acid showing the highest heritability (83.60%). Significant correlations were detected among traits, particularly between aerial biomass and seed weight (r = 0.97), and between plant height and pods per plant (r = 0.87). Principal component analysis revealed that the first two components explained 71.61% of the total variance, and cluster analysis delineated eight distinct subpopulations. The results highlight considerable genetic diversity within the DH population, which can be effectively utilized in breeding programs aimed at improving oil quality and agronomic performance in camelina.

https://atic.razi.ac.ir/article_4284_726dce9e39aaa9b65f225975e62f57dd.pdf

Razi University Agrotechniques in Industrial Crops 2783-2945 6 2 2026 07 04 The Response of Canola (Brassica napus L.) Cultivars to Different Soil K/Mg Ratios in Greenhouse Conditions 195 207 4327 10.22126/atic.2026.11875.1206 EN Fereydun Nourgholipour Department of Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition, Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran 0000-0002-2794-2642 Mehrsa Ghavamipour Department of Soil Science and Engineering, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran 0000-0000-0000-0001 Hossein Mirseyed Hosseini Department of Soil Science and Engineering, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran 0000-0002-0000-0000 Yaaghoob Hosseini Department of Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Shiraz, Iran 0000-0001-9369-9145 Journal Article 2025 03 03 To investigate the effects of different levels of available potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg), and their interactions, on the growth characteristics of canola cultivars, a factorial experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications in a pot culture. The first factor consisted of five combinations of the K to Mg ratio (existing conditions, 80%, 90%, 110%, and 120% of the existing condition) by adding potassium or magnesium sulfate. The concentration of available K+ and Mg2+ in the existing conditions of soil was 237 and 206 mg kg-1, respectively (K+/Mg2+ ratio 1.15). The second factor included three canola cultivars (Zafar, Dalgan, and Hyola50). After eight weeks (prior to flowering), the plants were harvested and shoot dry weight (SDW), the concentration of K, Mg, sodium (Na), and calcium (Ca) in the soil, shoots, and roots were measured. Based on the results, the Hyola50 cultivar preferred further amounts of K+ to Mg2+ (110%). Still, the Dalgan cultivar preferred higher amounts of Mg2+ (90%) (10.8 and 9.6 gr pot-1 SDW, respectively, for Hyola50 and Dalgan). The highest K concentrations in the shoots of the Dalgan (5.10%) and Zafar (4.4%) cultivars were observed at the 120% ratio. The K concentration in the roots of all cultivars (0.928%) was lower than that in the shoots (4.13%). The Hyola50 cultivar demonstrated a greater need for K+ than Mg2+ in the soil and was found to be less K-efficient compared to the Dalgan and Zafar cultivars. It is not suggested to maintain a consistent K+/Mg2+ ratio in the soil for all canola cultivars.

https://atic.razi.ac.ir/article_4327_31cf8e599782ffebfea57b60b0500cb9.pdf

Razi University Agrotechniques in Industrial Crops 2783-2945 6 2 2026 07 04 Combined Effects of Seaweed Extract and Selenium Nanoparticles on Mitigation of Cadmium and Chromium Stress in Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) 208 218 4349 10.22126/atic.2026.12771.1235 EN Seyedeh Yalda Raeisi Sadati Department of plant genetics and production engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran 0000-0002-7674-7069 Sodabeh Jahanbakhsh-Godekahriz Department of plant genetics and production engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran 0000-0002-6400-302X Ahmad Tobeh Department of plant genetics and production engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran 0000-0001-7973-9059 Salim Farzaneh Department of plant genetics and production engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran 0000-0003-1695-5592 Yeganeh Shafiei Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran 0000-0003-0832-3333 Bahman Fazeli-Nasab Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Agriculture Institute, Research Institute of Zabol, Zabol, Iran 0000-0002-3268-8351 Journal Article 2025 10 01 Heavy metal contamination by cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) threatens fennel productivity and seed safety through oxidative damage and metal accumulation. This study tested whether combined foliar application of seaweed extract (SWE) and selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) provides enhanced protection against Cd- and Cr-stress in fennel. For this purpose, a greenhouse factorial experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. Treatments included three soil metal levels (control, 20 mg Cd kg-1, and 100 mg Cr kg-1) and four foliar treatments (control, SWE at 1 mL L-1, SeNPs at 20 mg L-1, and SWE + SeNPs). Electrolyte leakage (EL), proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), seed Cd/Cr concentrations, seed yield, and biological yield were measured. Results showed that Cd and Cr stress increased membrane and oxidative injury compared with the non-contaminated control, as reflected by higher EL, MDA, CAT, and SOD, and they reduced seed and biological yields. Foliar SeNPs and SWE improved stress tolerance by lowering oxidative damage indices and improving productivity, with SWE+SeNPs treatment showing greater improvements than individual applications. SWE+SeNPs decreased MDA by 27.8% (Cd) and 22.7% (Cr), reduced CAT by 32.8% (Cd) and 28.3% (Cr), and reduced SOD by 25.9% (Cd) and 30.3% (Cr) relative to stressed controls, indicating alleviation of oxidative pressure. The combined treatment also produced the greatest improvement in seed safety by lowering seed Cd by 63.5% and seed Cr by 41.1% relative to the foliar control. These biochemical improvements translated into higher productivity, with SWE+SeNPs increasing seed yield by 21.6% relative to the foliar control and improving biological yield under both Cd and Cr stress. In conclusion, SWE+SeNPs foliar strategy most effectively mitigated Cd/Cr toxicity by reducing oxidative damage, lowering metal transfer to seeds, and improving yield, supporting its potential use for safer fennel production in contaminated soils.

https://atic.razi.ac.ir/article_4349_a6b8cf57d78e932d571121d9cf870b6e.pdf

Razi University Agrotechniques in Industrial Crops 2783-2945 6 2 2026 07 04 Essential Oil Variation in Matricaria chamomilla L.: The Impact of Harvest Timing and Flower Development 219 230 4355 10.22126/atic.2026.11778.1196 EN Abdolbaset Mahmoudi Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 0009-0001-4018-732X Mohamad Norani Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-1125-7499 Sajjad Sedaghat Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 0009-0002-0027-651X Mohammad-Taghi Ebadi Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-4979-7367 Journal Article 2025 02 10 This study investigates the impact of flower harvesting times on the essential oil (EO) yield and composition of Matricaria chamomilla L. Flowers were collected at various developmental stages, including early flower opening, full flowering (at 6:00 AM, 9:00 AM, 12:00 PM, 3:00 PM, and 6:00 PM), the end of flowering, and fruit set. EO extraction was performed via hydro-distillation, and volatile components were analyzed using GC and GC/MS. The highest EO yield (0.28% w/w) was obtained at full flowering at 12:00 PM. This peak may be attributed to increased enzymatic activity, light intensity, and diurnal accumulation of volatile compounds. A total of 22 compounds were identified, making up as much as 96.4% of the EO profile. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes, particularly α-Bisabolol oxide A (up to 66.7%), α-Bisabolone oxide A (10.5%), and α-Bisabolol oxide B (6.8%), were predominant at noon and late afternoon. In contrast, trans-β-Farnesene peaked in early morning samples, and chamazulene showed no significant variation across times. Comparison with ISO 19332:2020 standards revealed that α-Bisabolol oxide A and α-Bisabolone oxide A exceeded reference values, while chamazulene and trans-β-Farnesene remained below typical ranges. The highest proportion of oxygenated sesquiterpenes was observed at 12:00 PM (80.2%), suggesting strong pharmacological potential at this time. Minor compounds such as cis-Spiroether and linalool varied slightly by harvest stage. These results demonstrate that both harvest timing and flower developmental stage are critical for optimizing EO yield and therapeutic quality in M. chamomilla.

https://atic.razi.ac.ir/article_4355_88a5ab4d70f13afe8910783b221abb1a.pdf

Razi University Agrotechniques in Industrial Crops 2783-2945 6 2 2026 07 04 Cumin Transformation for Resistance to Fungal Diseases 231 239 4356 10.22126/atic.2026.12474.1231 EN Moslem Bahmankar Seed and Plant Improvement Research Department, Safiabad Agricultural Research and Education and Natural Resources Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Dezful, Iran 0000-0001-9515-9871 Seyed Mohammad Mahdi Mortazavian Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Aburihan Faculty of Agricultural Technology, University of Tehran, Pakdasht, Iran 0000-0002-4549-3529 Masoud Tohidfar Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-4553-2479 Seyed Ahmad Sadat Noori Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Aburihan Faculty of Agricultural Technology, University of Tehran, Pakdasht, Iran 0000-0002-0860-5982 Journal Article 2025 07 21 Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is an economically valuable medicinal and spice plant that is highly susceptible to fungal pathogens, including Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini, which can cause yield losses of up to 80%. In this study, a multi-gene construct (pBI121) carrying chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, and PRP1 genes, each driven by an independent CaMV 35S promoter and accompanied by a nptII selectable marker, was introduced into cumin through Agrobacterium tumefaciens–mediated transformation. Cotyledon explants were co-cultivated with Agrobacterium strain EHA105 at OD600 = 0.5, followed by selection on MS medium containing 50 mg L-1 kanamycin. A total of nine transgenic lines were confirmed by PCR amplification of specific bands at approximately 870 bp (glucanase), 680 bp (chitinase), and 580 bp (PRP1), corresponding to a transformation efficiency of about 1.5%. Protein extracts from transgenic plants exhibited clear antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum in vitro, with inhibition zones averaging 6.3 ± 0.5 mm and 9.8 ± 0.7 mm for 50 µg and 100 µg protein concentrations, respectively. No inhibition was observed in extracts from non-transgenic plants or buffer controls. The antifungal effect is attributed to synergistic action among chitinase, glucanase, and PRP1 proteins, which degrade fungal cell wall components and activate defense signaling pathways. These results demonstrate the feasibility of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in cumin and highlight the potential of multi-gene stacking strategies for enhancing fungal resistance in medicinal plants. This work represents an important step toward developing disease-resistant cumin genotypes and reducing reliance on chemical fungicides in sustainable agriculture.

https://atic.razi.ac.ir/article_4356_d2d5272d3ee858408f7192824cf98622.pdf